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John Stafford, 1st Earl Of Wiltshire

John Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire

John Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire (24 November 1420 – 8 May 1473) was an English nobleman, the youngest son of Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham. In 1461 he was made a Knight of the Bath. He fought on the Yorkist side at the Battle of Hexham in 1464. In 1469 he was made Steward of the Duchy of Cornwall for life; that year or the next he was created Earl of Wiltshire; in 1471 he was made Chief Butler of England, and in 1472 a Knight of the Garter. He married Constance Green, and had one child, Edward, who succeeded him as earl of Wiltshire. Wiltshire, John Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, John Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, John Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, John Stafford, 1st Earl of

24 November

November 24 is the 328th day (329th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 37 days remaining in the year.

Events


- 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal entry, into Constantinople.
- 642 - Theodore succeeds John IV as Pope.
- 1639 - Jeremiah Horrocks observes the transit of Venus (November 24 in the Julian calendar, or December 4 in the Gregorian calendar).
- 1642 - Abel Tasman becomes the first European to discover the island Van Diemen's Land (later renamed Tasmania).
- 1859 - Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species.
- 1863 - American Civil War: Battle of Lookout Mountain - Near Chattanooga, Tennessee, Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant capture Lookout Mountain and begin to break the Confederate siege of the city led by General Braxton Bragg.
- 1904 - The first successful caterpillar track is made.
- 1922 - Author and Irish Republican Army member Robert Erskine Childers is executed by an Irish Free State firing squad for illegally carrying a revolver.
- 1932 - In Washington, DC, the FBI Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory (better known as the FBI Crime Lab) officially opens.
- 1935 - The Senegalese Socialist Party holds its second congress.
- 1941 - World War II: The United States grants Lend-Lease to the Free French.
- 1944 - World War II: Bombing of Tokyo - The first bombing raid against the Japanese capital from the east and by land was made by 88 American aircraft.
- 1947 - Red Scare: After refusing to co-operate with the House Un-American Activities Committee concerning allegations of Communist influence in the movie industry, the United States House of Representatives votes 346 to 17 to approve citations of contempt of Congress against the so-called Hollywood 10.
- 1947 - Robert Schuman becomes Prime Minister of France
- 1951 - The Broadway play Gigi opens with little-known actress Audrey Hepburn in the title role.
- 1962 - The West Berlin branch of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany forms a separate party, the Socialist Unity Party of West Berlin.
- 1963 - John F. Kennedy assassination: Alleged assassin Lee Harvey Oswald is mortally shot by Jack Ruby in Dallas, Texas on live national television.
- 1963 - Vietnam War: Newly sworn-in US President Lyndon B. Johnson confirms that the United States intends to continue supporting South Vietnam both militarily and economically.
- 1969 - Apollo program: The Apollo 12 spacecraft splashes down safely in the Pacific Ocean, ending the second manned mission to the Moon.
- 1971 - During a severe thunderstorm over Washington state, a hijacker calling himself Dan Cooper (AKA D.B. Cooper) parachutes from a Northwest Orient Airlines plane with US$200,000 in ransom money - neither he or the money are ever found.
- 1974 - The skeleton of "Lucy", a 3.18 million years old female hominid, of the genus Australopithecus, was discovered in the Afar Triangle of Ethiopia.
- 1976 - The Band gives its last public performance, documented by Martin Scorsese in the film The Last Waltz.
- 1991 - Freddie Mercury, lead singer of Queen, dies of AIDS at age 45
- 1992 - In the People's Republic of China, a China Southern Airlines domestic flight crashes, killing all 141 people on-board.
- 1993 - In Liverpool, 11-year-olds Robert Thompson and Jon Venables are convicted of the murder of 2-year-old James Bulger.
- 1996 - Rusty Wallace wins the Suzuka NASCAR Thunder 100 racing event at Suzuka Circuitland in Suzuka City (this was the first NASCAR competition held in Japan).
- 1996 - Crowded House play a farewell concert in front of the Sydney Opera House for an estimated crowd of 250,000.
- 1998 - America Online announces it will acquire Netscape Communications in a stock-for-stock transaction worth US$4.2 billion.
- 2005 - The Licensing Act 2003 comes into force in England and Wales, introducing flexibility in the hours during which alcoholic beverages may be sold.
- 2005 - Accident during Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City, two bystanders are injured.
- 2005 - Conservative leader Stephen Harper, the leader of the Official Opposition in the Canadian Parliment, introduced a motion of no confidence, which NDP leader Jack Layton seconded. The motion was passed on November 28 which led to the dissolution to the 38th Canadian Parliament.

Births


- 1273 - Alphonso, Earl of Chester, son of Edward I of England (d. 1284)
- 1394 - Charles, Duke of Orléans, French poet (d. 1465)
- 1420 - John Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, English politician (d. 1473)
- 1583 - Juan Martínez de Jáuregui y Aguilar, Spanish poet (d. 1641)
- 1615 - Philipp Wilhelm, Elector Palatine (d. 1690)
- 1630 - Etienne Baluze, French scholar (d. 1718)
- 1632 - Baruch Spinoza, Dutch philosopher (d. 1677)
- 1655 - King Charles XI of Sweden (d. 1697)
- 1690 - Charles Theodore Pachelbel, German composer (d. 1750)
- 1713 - Junipero Serra, Spanish missionary (d. 1784)
- 1713 - Laurence Sterne, Irish novelist (d. 1768)
- 1729 - Alexander Suvorov, Russian general (d. 1800)
- 1784 - Zachary Taylor, 12th President of the United States (d. 1850)
- 1787 - Franz Xaver Gruber, Austrian organist and composer (d. 1863)
- 1801 - Ludwig Bechstein, German narrator and poet (d. 1860)
- 1806 - William Webb Ellis, often credited with the invention of Rugby (d. 1872)
- 1811 - Ulrich Ochsenbein, Swiss Federal Councillor (d. 1890)
- 1826 - Carlo Collodi, Italian author (d. 1890)
- 1849 - Frances Hodgson Burnett, British-born author (d. 1924)
- 1853 - Bat Masterson, American gunfighter and policeman (d. 1921)
- 1859 - Cass Gilbert, American architect (d. 1934)
- 1864 - Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, French painter (d. 1901)
- 1868 - Scott Joplin, American musician (d. 1917)
- 1874 - Charles Miller, 'Father of Brazilian football' (d. 1953)
- 1876 - Walter Burley Griffin, American architect (d. 1937)
- 1877 - Alben W. Barkley, Vice President of the United States (d. 1956)
- 1881 - Al Christie, film director and producer (d. 1951)
- 1884 - Itzhak Ben-Zvi, President of Israel (d. 1963)
- 1888 - Dale Carnegie, American writer (d. 1955)
- 1888 - Fredrick Willius, American cardiologist (d. 1972)
- 1894 - Herbert Sutcliffe, England test cricketer (d. 1978)
- 1895 - Ludvík Svoboda, President of Czechoslovakia (d. 1979)
- 1905 - Irwin Allen, American film producer and director (d. 1991)
- 1912 - Garson Kanin, American writer (d. 1999)
- 1912 - Teddy Wilson, American jazz pianist (d. 1986)
- 1913 - Geraldine Fitzgerald, Irish-born actress (d. 2005)
- 1916 - Forrest J. Ackerman, American writer and publisher
- 1917 - Howard Duff, American actor
- 1921 - John Lindsay, American politician (d. 2000)
- 1924 - Victor Grinich Croatian-American businessman (d. 2000)
- 1925 - William F. Buckley Jr., American writer and political commentator
- 1925 - Simon van der Meer, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1926 - Tsung-Dao Lee, Chinese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1927 - Ahmadou Kourouma, Ivorian writer (d. 2003)
- 1927 - Alfredo Kraus, Spanish tenor (d. 1999)
- 1930 - Bob Friend, baseball player
- 1934 - Alfred Schnittke, German composer (d. 1998)
- 1938 - Oscar Robertson, American basketball player
- 1941 - Pete Best, British musician, Ringo Starr's predecessor in The Beatles
- 1942 - Billy Connolly, British comedian
- 1943 - Dave Bing, American basketball player
- 1946 - Ted Bundy, American serial killer (d. 1989)
- 1947 - Dwight Schultz, American actor
- 1948 - Steve Yeager, baseball player
- 1951 - Chet Edwards, American politician
- 1955 - Ian Botham, England test cricketer
- 1955 - Elvis Ramone, American drummer (The Ramones)
- 1955 - Takashi Yuasa, Japanese lawyer
- 1957 - Denise Crosby, American actress
- 1960 - Amanda Wyss, American actress
- 1962 - John Squire, British guitarist (The Stone Roses)
- 1964 - Brad Sherwood, American comedian
- 1964 - Robert Trujillo, American bassist (Metallica)
- 1967 - Russell Watson, British singer
- 1971 - Keith Primeau, Canadian hockey player
- 1976 - Chen Lu, Chinese figure skater
- 1978 - Katherine Heigl, American actress

Deaths


- 654 - Emperor Kōtoku of Japan
- 1468 - Jean de Dunois, French soldier (b. 1402)
- 1531 - Johannes Oecolampadius, German religious reformer (b. 1482)
- 1541 - Margaret Tudor, Queen of James IV of Scotland (b. 1489)
- 1572 - John Knox, Scottish reformer
- 1583 - René de Birague, French cardinal and chancellor (b. 1506)
- 1615 - Sethus Calvisius, German calendar reformer (b. 1556)
- 1650 - Manuel Cardoso, Portuguese composer (b. 1566)
- 1722 - Johann Adam Reinken, German organist (b. 1623)
- 1741 - Queen Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden (b. 1688)
- 1770 - Charles-Jean-François Hénault, French historian (b. 1685)
- 1775 - Lorenzo Ricci, Italian Jesuit leader (b. 1703)
- 1781 - James Caldwell, American revolutionary (b. 1734)
- 1793 - Clément Charles François de Laverdy, French statesman (b. 1723)
- 1801 - Franz Moritz Graf von Lacy, Austrian field marshal (b. 1725)
- 1848 - Lord Melbourne, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1779)
- 1870 - Comte de Lautréamont, French writer (b. 1846)
- 1890 - August Belmont, Sr., Prussian-born financier (b. 1816)
- 1916 - Sir Hiram Stevens Maxim, American-born gunsmith, inventor of the Maxim gun (b. 1840)
- 1922 - Robert Erskine Childers, Irish author and nationalist (executed) (b. 1870)
- 1929 - Georges Clemenceau, Premier of France (b. 1841)
- 1943 - Doris Miller, African-American cook in the United States Navy (b. 1919)
- 1956 - Guido Cantelli, Italian conductor (b. 1920)
- 1957 - Diego Rivera, Mexican painter (b. 1886)
- 1958 - Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood, British politician and diplomat, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1864)
- 1973 - John Neihardt, American writer (b. 1881)
- 1980 - George Raft, American actor (b. 1895)
- 1985 - Big Joe Turner, American singer (b. 1911)
- 1991 - Freddie Mercury, Zanzibar-born singer (Queen) (AIDS) (b. 1946)
- 1996 - Sorley MacLean, British poet (b. 1911)
- 2003 - Floquet de Neu, Spanish albino gorilla (b. 1964)
- 2004 - Wong Jim, Hong Kong songwriter (b. 1940)
- 2004 - Arthur Hailey, British-born author (b. 1920)
- 2005 - Pat Morita, American actor (b. 1932)

Holidays and observances


- Roman festivals - in the Byzantine empire the Brumalia (a wine festival) were celebrated from this day until the winter solstice
- R.C. Saints - Saint Andrew Dung-Lac and other Vietnamese martyrs
- Also see November 24 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- United States - Thanksgiving (2005)

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/24 BBC: On This Day] ---- November 23 - November 25 - October 24 - December 24 -- listing of all days ko:11월 24일 ms:24 November ja:11月24日 simple:November 24 th:24 พฤศจิกายน

8 May

May 8 is the 128th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (129th in leap years). There are 237 days remaining.

Events


- 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen revolt against King Henry VI.
- 1541 - Hernando de Soto reaches the Mississippi River and names it Río de Espíritu Santo.
- 1794 - Branded a traitor during the Reign of Terror by revolutionists, French chemist Antoine Lavoisier, who was also a tax collector with the Ferme Générale, was tried, convicted, and guillotined all on one day in Paris.
- 1846 - Mexican-American War: The Battle of Palo Alto – Zachary Taylor defeats a Mexican force north of the Rio Grande in the first major battle of the war.
- 1861 - American Civil War: Richmond, Virginia, is named the capital of the Confederate States of America.
- 1877 - At Gilmore's Gardens in New York City, the first Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show opens (ends May 11).
- 1886 - Pharmacist Dr. John Styth Pemberton invents a carbonated beverage that would later be named "Coca-Cola".
- 1896 - Against Warwickshire, Yorkshire sets a still-standing County Championship record when they accumulate an innings total of 887.
- 1898 - The first games of the Italian Football League are played.
- 1899 - The Irish Literary Theatre in Dublin opens.
- 1902 - In Martinique, Mount Pelée erupts, destroying the town of St. Pierre and killing over 30,000 people. Only a handful of residents survive the blast.
- 1914 - Paramount Pictures is formed.
- 1919 - Edward George Honey first proposed the idea of a moment of silence to commemorate The Armistice of World War I, which later resulted in the creation of Remembrance Day.
- 1933 - Mohandas Gandhi begins a 21-day fast in protest of British oppression in India.
- 1942 - World War II: The Battle of the Coral Sea comes to an end. This is the first time in the naval history where two enemy fleets fight without visual contact between warring ships.
- 1942 - Second World War: On the night of 8/9 May 1942, gunners of the Ceylon Garrison Artillery on Horsburgh Island in the Cocos Islands rebelled. Their mutiny was crushed and three of them were executed, the only British Commonwealth soldiers to be executed for mutiny during the Second World War.
- 1945 - World War II: VE Day. German forces agree to an unconditional surrender.
- 1945 - Thousands of Algerian civilians are killed by French Army soldiers in the Setif massacre.
- 1967 - The Philippine province of Davao is split into three: Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, and Davao Oriental.
- 1972 - Vietnam War – U.S. President Richard M. Nixon announces his order to place mines in major North Vietnamese ports in order to stem the flow of weapons and other goods to that nation.
- 1973 - A 71-day standoff, between federal authorities and the American Indian Movement members occupying the Pine Ridge Reservation at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, ends with the surrender of the militants.
- 1974 - The Canadian Government of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau is defeated in the House of Commons.
- 1984 - The Soviet Union announces that it will boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California.
- 1984 - Cpl. Denis Lortie enters the Quebec National Assembly and opens fire, killing three and wounding 13. René Jalbert, sergeant-at-arms of the assembly, succeeds in calming him, for which he will later receive the Cross of Valour.
- 1987 - The SAS ambushes and kills the Loughall Martyrs.
- 1997 - A China Southern Airlines Boeing 737 crashes on approach into Shenzhen's Huangtian Airport, killing 35
- 1999 - Nancy Mace becomes the first female cadet to graduate from The Citadel military college.
- 2002 - Feyenoord win the UEFA Cup
- 2004 - The Texas Rangers defeat the Detroit Tigers, 16-15, in a 10-inning game featuring a wild hour-long 5th inning (after having given up eight runs in the top half of the inning, Texas scores 10 runs in the bottom half to tie). The ten-run deficit is the largest ever overcome by the Rangers and the 18 runs in one inning by both teams ties a MLB record). Alfonso Soriano also sets a Ranger record with six hits in one game.
- 2005 - The new Canadian War Museum opens, in commemoration of the 60th anniversary of V-E Day.

Births


- 1460 - Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1536)
- 1521 - Petrus Canisius, Dutch Jesuit (d. 1597)
- 1587 - Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy (d. 1637)
- 1622 - Claes Rålamb, Swedish statesman (d. 1698)
- 1629 - Niels Juel, Danish admiral (d. 1697)
- 1632 - Heino Heinrich Graf von Flemming, German field marshal and Governor of Berlin (d. 1706)
- 1653 - Claude-Louis-Hector de Villars, Marshall of France (d. 1734)
- 1668 - Alain-René Lesage, French writer (d. 1747)
- 1670 - Charles Beauclerk, 1st Duke of St Albans, English soldier (d. 1726)
- 1735 - Sir Nathaniel Dance-Holland, English painter (d. 1811)
- 1737 - Edward Gibbon, English historian (d. 1794)
- 1825 - George Bruce Malleson, Indian officer and author (d. 1898)
- 1828 - Jean Henri Dunant, Swiss founder of the Red Cross, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1910)
- 1829 - Louis Moreau Gottschalk, American composer and pianist (d. 1869)
- 1842 - Emil Christian Hansen, Danish fermentation physiologist (d. 1909)
- 1850 - Ross Barnes, baseball player (d. 1915)
- 1884 - Harry S. Truman, President of the United States (d. 1972)
- 1895 - Fulton J. Sheen, American bishop and television personality (d. 1979)
- 1899 - Friedrich Hayek, Austrian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1992)
- 1902 - Andre Michael Lwoff, French microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1994)
- 1903 - Fernandel, French actor (d. 1971)
- 1905 - Red Nichols, American jazz cornettist (d. 1965)
- 1906 - Roberto Rossellini, Italian director (d. 1977)
- 1911 - Robert Johnson, American singer and guitarist (d. 1938)
- 1914 - Romain Gary, Polish writer (d. 1980)
- 1916 - João Havelange, Brazilian industrialist and football league president
- 1919 - Lex Barker, American actor (d. 1973)
- 1925 - Ali Hassan Mwinyi, President of Tanzania
- 1926 - Sir David Attenborough, British television presenter and producer
- 1926 - Don Rickles, American comedian
- 1928 - Theodore Sorenson, American political operative and writer
- 1930 - Heather Harper, Irish soprano
- 1930 - Gary Snyder, American poet
- 1932 - Phyllida Law, Scottish actress
- 1932 - Sonny Liston, American boxer (d. 1970)
- 1935 - Jack Charlton, English footballer
- 1937 - Thomas Pynchon, American novelist
- 1940 - Ricky Nelson, American singer (d. 1985)
- 1943 - Toni Tennille, American singer
- 1944 - Gary Glitter, English singer
- 1945 - Keith Jarrett, American musician
- 1947 - H. Robert Horvitz, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- 1948 - Felicity Lott, English soprano
- 1951 - Chris Frantz, American drummer (Talking Heads)
- 1953 - Alex Van Halen, Dutch-born drummer
- 1954 - David Keith, American actor
- 1957 - Marie Myriam, French singer
- 1964 - Melissa Gilbert, American actress and president of the Screen Actors Guild
- 1964 - Bobby Labonte, American race car driver
- 1964 - Dave Rowntree, British drummer (Blur)
- 1966 - Claudio Taffarel, Brazilian footballer
- 1968 - Jamie Summers, American porn star
- 1972 - Darren Hayes, Australian singer
- 1973 - Hiromu Arakawa, Japanese artist
- 1974 - Korey Stringer, American football player (d. 2001)
- 1975 - Enrique Iglesias, Spanish-born singer
- 1976 - Martha Wainwright, Canadian musician and songwriter
- 1978 - Lúcio, Brazilian footballer
- 1980 - Michelle McManus, Scottish singer
- 1983 - Matt Jay, Busted

Deaths


- 1278 - Emperor Duanzong of China (b. 1268)
- 1319 - King Haakon V of Norway (b. 1270)
- 1473 - John Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, English politician (b. 1420)
- 1538 - Edward Fox, English bishop
- 1766 - Samuel Chandler, English non-conformist minister (b. 1693)
- 1773 - Ali Bey Al-Kabir, Mamluk Sultan of Egypt (b. 1728)
- 1781 - Richard Jago, English poet (b. 1715)
- 1785 - Étienne François, duc de Choiseul, French statesman (b. 1719)
- 1788 - Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, Italian-born physician and naturalist (b. 1723)
- 1794 - Antoine Lavoisier, French chemist (executed) (b. 1743)
- 1828 - Mauro Giuliani, Italian composer (b. 1781)
- 1842 - Jules Dumont d'Urville, French explorer (b. 1790)
- 1873 - John Stuart Mill, English philosopher (b. 1806)
- 1880 - Gustave Flaubert, French novelist (b. 1821)
- 1891 - Helena Blavatsky, Russian-born author (b. 1831)
- 1936 - Oswald Spengler, German historian and philosopher (b. 1880)
- 1947 - Harry Gordon Selfridge, American-born department store founder (b. 1858)
- 1950 - Vital Brazil, Brazilian physician (b. 1865)
- 1952 - William Fox, Austrian-born film producer (b. 1879)
- 1960 - J. H. C. Whitehead, British mathematician (b. 1904)
- 1975 - Avery Brundage, President of the International Olympic Committee (b. 1887)
- 1982 - Gilles Villeneuve, Canadian race car driver (b. 1950)
- 1985 - Theodore Sturgeon, American science fiction writer (b. 1918)
- 1988 - Robert A. Heinlein, American science fiction writer (b. 1907)
- 1990 - Luigi Nono, Italian composer (b. 1924)
- 1991 - Jean Langlais, French composer and pianist (b. 1907)
- 1991 - Rudolf Serkin, Austrian pianist (b. 1903)
- 1993 - Avram Davidson, writer (b. 1923)
- 1994 - George Peppard, American actor (b. 1928)
- 1996 - Beryl Burton, English cyclist (b. 1937)
- 1999 - Dirk Bogarde, American actor (b. 1921)
- 1999 - Dana Plato, American actress (b. 1964)
- 2000 - Guadalupe "Pita" Amor, Mexican poet (b. 1918)

Holidays and observances


- Roman Empire - festival in honour of Mens
- Mother's Day - 1977, 1988, 1994, 2005, 2011
- World Red Cross Day
- VE Day

Recorded this day


- 1906 - "It Takes The Irish To Beat The Dutch" by Billy Murray
- 1941 - "Let Me Off Uptown" by Anita O'Day & Roy Eldridge with Gene Krupa & his Orchestra

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/8 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20050508.html The New York Times: On This Day] ---- May 7 - May 9 - April 8 - June 8 – listing of all days ko:5월 8일 ms:8 Mei ja:5月8日 simple:May 8 th:8 พฤษภาคม

Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham

Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1402 – July 10, 1460) was best-known as a military commander in the Hundred Years' War and in the Wars of the Roses. He was the son of Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford, and Anne of Gloucester, daughter of Thomas of Woodstock and a grand-daughter of Edward III of England. When Humphrey was a small child his father died and he became 6th Earl of Stafford, inheriting a large estate with lands in more than a dozen counties. In 1444 he was created 1st Duke of Buckingham for his military services in France. He died at the Battle of Northampton. Humphrey had three sons, two of whom married first cousins with the same name. The eldest, Humphrey, Earl of Stafford (d. 1455), married Margaret Beaufort, daughter of Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset. The middle son, Lord Henry Stafford (d. 1481), married Margaret Beaufort, daughter of John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset and widow of Edmund Tudor. The youngest son, John, later became Earl of Wiltshire. His eldest son having already died, Humphrey was succeeded by his grandson Henry. Buckingham, Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of

Order of the Bath

The Most Honourable Order of the Bath is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725. The name derives from the ancient ceremony wherein individuals participated in a vigil of fasting, prayer, and bathing on the day before being knighted (the ceremony was discontinued in 1815). The Order consists of the Sovereign (the British Sovereign), the Great Master (HRH The Prince of Wales), and three Classes of members:
- Knight or Dame Grand Cross (GCB)
- Knight or Dame Commander (KCB or DCB)
- Companion (CB) Originally founded as a military order of chivalry, the star (or pip) worn as army officers' rank insignia is that of the Order of the Bath (with the exception of officers of the Household Division, who use stars from other orders). Members now belong to either the Civil or the Military Division. The Order's motto is Tria iuncta in uno (Latin for "Three joined in one"), a reference to either the union of England, Scotland and Ireland, or to the Holy Trinity. The former is more likely; a recurring symbol of the Order comprises three crowns. Another motto, Ich dien (German for "I serve") is sometimes used, but only by members of the Order who serve in the military. The Order is the fourth-most senior in the British honours system, after The Most Noble Order of the Garter, The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, and The Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick. The last of the aforementioned Orders—which relates to Ireland, no longer a part of the United Kingdom—still exists but is in disuse; no appointments have been made to it since 1934.

History

Under a tradition that dates to medieval times, special knighthoods were conferred on important royal occasions such as coronations. These knighthoods were known as Knighthoods of the Bath due to the ritual bathing observed prior to the investiture. The practice had been discontinued by the reign of Charles II. George I revived the practice, instituting the Order of the Bath by letters patent, upon the advice of his Prime Minister, Sir Robert Walpole (who wished to control a source of political patronage). The Order initially consisted of the Sovereign, a Great Master and thirty-six Knights Companion, all of whom were senior military figures. After 1815, at the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the Prince Regent (later George IV) divided the Order into Civil and Military Divisions, the latter with three classes, causing some complaints that such an expansion would reduce the prestige of the Order. The vigil of fasting, prayer, and bathing were also formally abolished at the same time. In 1847, the Order was again expanded into parallel Military and Civil Divisions, both with three classes. Several further amendments have been made since.

Composition

The British Sovereign is the Sovereign of the Order of the Bath. The next-most senior member of the Order is the Great Master; HRH the Prince of Wales has been the Great Master since 1975. The Sovereign makes all appointments to the Order on the advice of the Government. The statutes also provide for the following:
- 120 Knights or Dames Grand Cross (GCB), (of whom the Great Master is the First and Principal)
- 355 Knights Commander (KCB) or Dames Commander (DCB)
- 1,925 Companions (CB). Women were not admitted to the Order until 1971. In 1975, Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, an aunt of Elizabeth II, became the first to reach the highest rank, Dame Grand Cross. Regular membership is limited to citizens of the United Kingdom and of Commonwealth countries. Non-Commonwealth foreigners, however, may be made Honorary Members. For instance, two individuals were made Knights Grand Cross shortly after the conclusion of their terms as Presidents of the United States: Ronald Reagan (in 1989) and George H. W. Bush (in 1993), and one almost a decade before for his service as Supreme Allied Commander in World War II Dwight D. Eisenhower. The limits prescribed by the statutes of the Order have often been raised; the Order originally consisted of less than forty members, but now includes over two thousand. The statutes permit the Sovereign to disregard the limits when appointing members whose actions deserve a "peculiar honour or reward." These "Additional Members," as well as Honorary Members, do not count towards the numerical maxima imposed by the statutes.

Officers

The Order of the Bath has six officers:
- the Dean
- the King of Arms
- the Registrar and Secretary
- the Deputy Secretary
- the Genealogist
- the Gentleman Usher of the Scarlet Rod The office of Dean is held by the Dean of Westminster. The King of Arms, responsible for heraldry, is known as the Bath King of Arms; he is not, however, a member of the College of Arms, like many heralds. The Order's Usher is known as the Gentleman Usher of the Scarlet Rod; he does not, unlike his Order of the Garter equivalent (the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod) perform any duties in the House of Lords.

Vestments and Accoutrements

House of Lords Members of the Order wear elaborate costumes on important occasions (such as its quadrennial investiture ceremonies and coronations), which vary by rank:
- The mantle, worn only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross, is made of crimson satin lined with white tafetta. On the left side is a representation of the star (see below). The mantle is bound with two large tassels.
- The hat, worn only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross and Knights and Dames Commanders, is made of black velvet; it includes an upright plume of feathers.
- The collar, worn only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross, is made of gold and weighs 30 troy ounces (933 g). It consists of depictions of nine imperial crowns and eight sets of flowers (roses for England, thistles for Scotland and shamrocks for Ireland), connected by seventeen silver knots. At lesser occasions, simpler insignia are used:
- The star is an accoutrement used only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross and Knights and Dames Commanders. Its style varies by rank and division; it is worn pinned to the left breast:
  - The star for military Knights and Dames Grand Cross consists of a Maltese Cross on top of an eight-pointed silver star; the star for military Knights and Dames Commander is an eight-pointed silver cross pattée. Each bears in the centre three crowns surrounded by a red ring bearing the motto of the Order in gold letters. The circle is flanked by two laurel branches and is above a scroll bearing the words Ich dien in gold letters.
  - The star for civil Knights and Dames Grand Cross consists of an eight-pointed silver star, without the Maltese cross; the star for civil Knights and Dames Commanders is an eight-pointed silver cross pattée. The design of each is the same as the design of the military stars, except that the laurel branches and the words Ich dien are excluded.
- The badge is an insignia that varies in design, size and manner of wearing by rank and division. The Knight and Dame Grand Cross' badge is larger than the Knight and Dame Commander's badge, which is in turn larger than the Companion's badge; however, these are all suspended on a crimson ribbon. Knights and Dames Grand Cross wear the badge on a riband or sash, passing from the right shoulder to the left hip. Knights Commanders and male Companions wear the badge from a ribbon worn around the neck. Dames Commanders and female Companions wear the badge from a bow on the left side:
  - The military badge is a gold Maltese Cross of eight points, enamelled in white. Each point of the cross is decorated by a small gold ball; each angle has a small figure of a lion. The centre of the cross bears three crowns on the obverse side, and a rose, a thistle and a shamrock, emanating from a sceptre on the reverse side. Both emblems are surrounded by a red circular ring bearing the motto of the Order, which are in turn flanked by two laurel branches, above a scroll bearing the words Ich dien in gold letters.
  - The civil badge is a plain gold oval, bearing three crowns on the obverse side, and a rose, a thistle and a shamrock, emanating from a sceptre on the reverse side; both emblems are surrounded by a ring bearing the motto of the Order. On certain "collar days" designated by the Sovereign, members attending formal events may wear the Order's collar over their military uniform or eveningwear. When collars are worn (either on collar days or on formal occasions such as coronations), the badge is suspended from the collar. The collars and badges of Knights and Dames Grand Cross are returned to the Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood upon the decease of their owners. All other insignia may be retained by their owners.

Chapel

The Chapel of the Order is Henry VII Lady Chapel in Westminster Abbey. Every four years, an installation ceremony, presided over by the Great Master, and a religious service are held in the Chapel; the Sovereign attends every alternate ceremony. The Sovereign and each knight who has been installed is allotted a stall in the choir of the chapel. Since there are a limited number of stalls in the Chapel, only the most senior Knights and Dames Grand Cross are installed. By convention, stalls are offered alternately to members of the military and civil divisions. Waits between admission to the Order and installation may be very long; for instance, Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma was created a Knight Grand Cross in 1955, but was installed in 1972. 1972 Above each stall, the occupant's heraldic devices are displayed. Perched on the pinnacle of a knight's stall is his helm, decorated with a mantling and topped by his crest. Under English heraldic law, women other than monarchs do not bear helms or crests; instead, the coronet appropriate to the dame's rank is used. Above the crest or coronet, the knight's or dame's heraldic banner is hung, emblazoned with his or her coat of arms. At a considerably smaller scale, to the back of the stall is affixed a piece of brass (a "stall plate") displaying its occupant's name, arms and date of admission into the Order. Upon the death of a Knight, the banner, helm, mantling and crest (or coronet or crown) are taken down. The stall plates, however, are not removed; rather, they remain permanently affixed somewhere about the stall, so that the stalls of the chapel are festooned with a colourful record of the Order's Knights (and now Ladies) throughout history.

Precedence and privileges

Members of the Order of the Bath are assigned positions in the order of precedence. Wives of male members also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commanders; relatives of female members, however, are not assigned any special precedence. Generally, individuals can derive precedence from their fathers or husbands, but not from their mothers or wives. (See order of precedence in England and Wales for the exact positions.) Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commanders prefix "Sir," and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commanders prefix "Dame," to their forenames. Wives of Knights may prefix "Lady" to their surnames, but no equivalent privilege exists for husbands of Dames. Such forms are not used by peers and princes, except when the names of the former are written out in their fullest forms. Furthermore, honorary members and clergymen do not use the accolade of knighthood. Knights and Dames Grand Cross use the post-nominal "GCB"; Knights Commanders use "KCB"; Dames Commanders use "DCB"; Companions use "CB." Knights and Dames Grand Cross are also entitled to receive heraldic supporters. Furthermore, they may encircle their arms with a depiction of the circlet (a red circle bearing the motto) and the collar; the former is shown either outside or on top of the latter. Knights and Dames Commanders and Companions may display the circlet, but not the collar, around their arms. The badge is depicted suspended from the collar or circlet.

See also


- Order of the Garter
- Order of the Thistle
- Order of St Michael and St George
- Royal Victorian Order
- Order of the British Empire
- List of people who have declined a British honour
- British and Commonwealth orders and decorations

References


- [http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page495.asp Sovereign as 'Fountain of Honour']
- [http://www.heraldicsculptor.com/bath.html Brennan, I. G. (2004). "The Most Honourable Order of the Bath."]
- [http://www.cam.ac.uk/societies/cuhags/orderofc/bath.htm Cambridge University Heraldic and Genealogical Society. (2002). "The Most Honourable Order of the Bath."]
- [http://www.debretts.co.uk/etiquette/order_of_the_bath.html Debrett's Limited. (2004). "The Most Honourable Order of the Bath."]
- "Knighthood and Chivalry." (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press.
- [http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/order_precedence.htm Velde, F. R. (2003). "Order of Precedence in England and Wales."] Category:British honours system Category:British knights Bath, Order of the Bath, Order of the Category:Order of the Bath

Duchy of Cornwall

The Duchy of Cornwall is one of the two Royal duchies in the United Kingdom (the other being the Duchy of Lancaster). Generally the reigning monarch bestows the Duchy on his or her eldest son, the Heir Apparent, to provide him the income from the Duchy's estates. The current Duke of Cornwall is The Prince of Wales. Despite its name, it is effectively a property company (though it pays no corporation tax), and has holdings throughout the country, with possessions totalling 571 km². Nearly half of the holdings are in Devon, with other large holdings in Cornwall, Herefordshire, and Somerset. Annual net surplus profit in 2003 was £9,943,000. As a Crown body, the Duchy is tax-exempt, but since 1993 The Prince has voluntarily paid income tax - at 40% - on his income from it. The Prince had always paid a voluntary contribution to the Treasury of 50% of his Duchy income from the time he became eligible for its full income at the age of 21 in 1969, and 25% after his marriage in 1981. Tax is calculated after deducting business expenditure, the biggest source of which is The Prince's staff of around 90 - from private secretaries to a valet - working in his office at Clarence House, and at Highgrove House. Detailed records are kept to determine the split between public and private expenditure. For Cornish nationalists and regionalists (see the constitutional status of Cornwall), the Duchy has quite a different significance[http://www.institutes.ex.ac.uk/ics/bernard%20Celtic%20frontier%20or%20county%20boundary.pdf]- based on the original Acts and Charters of its creation. Cornwall itself in this framework is described as a Duchy (as opposed to an ordinary county), and the Duchy estates are distinguished from the Duchy itself, having themselves been annexed and united to "the aforesaid Duchy". The Duke of Cornwall may even be described as Cornwall's head of state. For example, the Duke traditionally had a ceremonial role in summoning the Cornish Stannary Parliament. It should be noted, however, that the administrative machinery of Cornwall almost invariably refers to itself as a county (including, for example, Cornwall County Council itself) in the English language, although it can be argued that the administrative county and Duchy in this sense are separate, co-existing entities. The Duchy was established in 1337 by Edward III of England for his son, Edward, Prince of Wales. Both the Duchy of Cornwall and its counterpart, the Duchy of Lancashire, have special statutory rights not available to other estates held by peers: for example, the rules on Bona Vacantia operate in favour of the holder of the Duchy (as opposed to the Crown generally), and there are separate Attorneys General for the estates. Generally, though, the exemptions all tend to follow the same line: any rights pertaining to the Crown generally in most areas of the country instead pertain to the Duke of the Duchy.

See also


- Duke of Cornwall
- Cornwall
- UK topics

External links


- [http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/about/duc_index.html The Duchy of Cornwall] at The Prince of Wales's website
- [http://www.duchyoriginals.com/ Duchy Originals] the Duchy's organic produce brand
- [http://www.guardian.co.uk/netnotes/article/0,6729,221852,00.html Guardian Unlimited article]
- [http://www.institutes.ex.ac.uk/ics/bernard%20Celtic%20frontier%20or%20county%20boundary.pdf Celtic Frontier or County Boundary? Competing discourses of a late nineteenth century British border] Category:Cornwall Category:Cornish politics

Earl of Wiltshire

The title Earl of Wiltshire is one of the oldest in the Peerage of England, going back to the 12th century. It is currently held by the Marquess of Winchester, and is used as a courtesy title for the eldest son of the marquess. The earldom was first created for Hervey le Breton, who married Sybilla, an illegitimate daughter of King Stephen. The title lapsed after Hervey lost his English lands during the Anarchy, since at that time one could not be an earl without the territory to support the dignity. William le Scrope was created Earl of Wiltshire in 1397. He was executed during the events leading to the deposition of Richard II by Henry IV. The charter which granted his earldom limited its inheritance to heirs male, but not did not contain the usual additional limitation of his body. Thus in 1859 a collateral descendant attempted to claim the earldom, but the claim was rejected by the House of Lords. The next creation was for James Butler, eldest son of the 4th Earl of Ormond. He fought on the Lancastrian side at the Battle of Towton, and afterwards was executed and posthumously attainted. The earldom was next held by three members of the Stafford family, beginning with John, a younger son of the 1st Duke of Buckingham. Anne Boleyn's father Thomas was the recipient of the next creation, but he died without issue. Finally, in 1549/50 William Paulet was created Earl of Wiltshire. He was made Marquess of Winchester the next year, and his descendants continue to hold both titles.

Earl of Wiltshire, First Creation


- Hervey le Breton, Earl of Wiltshire (d. 1168)

Earl of Wiltshire, Second Creation (1397)


- William le Scrope, 1st Earl of Wiltshire (1350-1399) (forfeit 1399)

Earl of Wiltshire, Third Creation (1449)


- James Butler, 1st Earl of Wiltshire (1420-1461) (forfeit 1461)

Earl of Wiltshire, Fourth Creation (1470)


- John Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire (d. 1473)
- Edward Stafford, 2nd Earl of Wiltshire (1469-1499) (extinct)

Earl of Wiltshire, Fifth Creation (1510)


- Henry Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire (1479-1523) (extinct)

Earl of Wiltshire, Sixth Creation (1529)


- Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire (1477-1539) (extinct)

Earl of Wiltshire, Seventh Creation


- see Marquess of Winchester Wiltshire

Chief Butler of England

The Chief Butler of England is an office of Grand Sergeanty associated with the feudal Manor of Kenninghall in Norfolk. The office requires service to be provided to the Monarch at the Coronation, in this case the service of Pincera Regis, or Chief Butler at the Coronation banquet. The manor of Kenninghall was given by Henry I to William de Albini, and was later inherited by the Dukes of Norfolk. It was sold in 1872 to John Oddin Taylor of Norwich. The last occasion on which a coronation banquet was considered was in 1902 for Edward VII, but plans were abandoned as a result of his illness. Three people claimed the right to act as Chief Butler at the Court of Claims that preceded the coronation - the Duke of Norfolk, Mr Taylor of Kenninghall and a descendant of William de Albini, but the claims were not considered and no decision was taken.

List of Chief Butlers

Note that the right to act as Chief Butler has not been established by the Court of Claims since before 1902
- Roger Perceval (under William I and William II)
- William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel (1120 - 1176)
- William d'Aubigny, 2nd Earl of Arundel, (1176 - 1193)
- William d'Aubigny, 3rd Earl of Arundel (1193 - 1221)
- William d'Aubigny, 4th Earl of Arundel (1221 - 1224)
- Hugh d'Aubigny, 5th Earl of Arundel (1224 - 1243)
- John FitzAlan, Lord of Clun, (1264 - 1267)
- Edmund Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel, (1285 - 1326)
- John Payn (1399 - 1402)
- Thomas Chaucer (1404 - 1434)
- John de Tiptoft (1434 - 1443)
- Sir John Wenlock, (1461 - 1471)
- John Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire (1471 - 1473)
- Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers (1473 - 1483)
- Francis Lord Lovel, Viscount Lovel (1483 - 1485)
- Sir John Fortescue the younger (1485 - 1500)
- Sir Robert Southwell (1505 - 1513)
- Sir John Hussey, Baron of Sleaford (1521 - 1537)
- Sir William St Loe (under Elizabeth I)
- Sir Nicholas Throckmorton (to 1571)
- George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Northumberland (1713 - 1716)
- Bernard Fitzalan-Howard, 16th Duke of Norfolk (1917 - 1975)
- Miles Fitzalan-Howard, 17th Duke of Norfolk (1975 - 2002)

Edward Stafford, 2nd Earl of Wiltshire

Edward Stafford, 2nd Earl of Wiltshire (April 7, 1470 - March 24, 1498/9) was an English nobleman. He was the only child of John Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, and succeeded his father as earl in 1473 when he was 3 years old. He was made a Knight of the Bath in 1475. He married Margaret Grey, daughter of Edward Grey, Viscount Lisle, but they had no children. The earldom of Wiltshire became extinct on his death, though it was re-created for his cousin Henry Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire. Wiltshire, Edward Stafford, 2nd Earl of Wiltshire, Edward Stafford, 2nd Earl of Wiltshire, Edward Stafford, 2nd Earl of

Category:1420 births



Category:Knights of the Garter

Category:Knights Garter Garter Garter

Rato castanho


O rato-marrom (Rattus norvegicus) é uma espécie de ratazana que surgiu no Sudeste da Ásia, mas acabou se alastrando por mundo inteiro, devido à acção do homem. Chegou na Europa no século XVIII e na América no século XIX. Esse rato tem hábitos semi-aquáticos. Se encontra em pequenos grupos compostos por um macho e várias fêmeas. Constrói os ninhos em corredores subterrâneos. Tem ciclo estral de cinco dias, com uma gestação de apenas vinte e quatro, da qual nascem geralmente oito ratinhos. Ocorre, então, um novo estro dezoito horas depois do parto e outros filhotes nascem ao final do desmame da primeira ninhada, que se dá nos vinte e um dias. Os recém-nascidos abrem os olhos aos quinze ou dezesseis dias e sua maturidade sexual se observe com três meses de idade. O rato-marrom tem cerca de 25 cm de comprimento, cauda mais curta ou igual ao corpo, orelhas pequenas, pele áspera e pés com membranas interdigitais.


- Outros ratos Categoria:Roedores ja:ラット

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